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Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Definition on Love Essay
A definition exposition on affection endeavors to characterize it as a feeling felt and showed by people, creatures, and every single living being in their own specific manner. It is a theme that has been expounded on through the ages and has discovered its way into books on writing and religion. Love knows no limits and language is never a hindrance. Wars have been battled about it. Individuals have been are still affected by the feeling of adoration. Probably the best abstract works depend on adoration, and even film creators bank on it to prevail upon watchers and make a hit. Love can be communicated from numerous points of view. God has demonstrated his affection for us by offering us the feeling to impart to other people. Consequently, we love God for all the brilliant things he has given us. Our dedication towards God exhibits love as adoration. The affection shaped out of regard is a similar love we have for our older folks, family, and individuals we gaze upward to. In an adoration paper, you could expand on affection that one has for his family. It could be associated with religion, regard, or unadulterated love not founded on any conditions. A Romeo and Juliet article is the perfect romantic tale among man and lady. The word ââ¬Å"romanceâ⬠has been utilized from multiple points of view to show love and warmth among Romeo and Juliet. In present day society, individuals who are impractically pulled in show their adoration for one another with the assistance of cards, blessings, and uplifting statements. The manner in which love is communicated changes tangibly however the feeling continues as before. Couples discover love in sex, love for one another, and by speaking with one another all the more much of the time. Truth be told, humankind has developed through affection among Adam and Eve. At the point when you need to compose a definition exposition on adoration, intend to compose a show paper that consolidates love as its subject. It would produce enthusiasm among perusers, and you would discover numerous definition exposition guides to browse. The most ideal approach to compose such an article is look into discoursed from artistic works of well known writers like William Shakespeare. Discoursed are the genuine articulation of affection that is displayed through words. Best of all, you can allude to scholarly works composed through the ages and get motivation from the one you like the most. There are a few other definition paper points you can pick. It essentially relies upon the crowd you need to compose for. The points could be on connections in the family. You could expound on the adoration among siblings and sisters. How extraordinary is a fatherââ¬â¢s love for his kids from a motherââ¬â¢s love? You should be mature enough to truly comprehend sentimental love between two individuals, which is private and sexual in nature. The point of your paper varies with age. Pick progressively complex points on affection as you become more seasoned. The feeling of affection is dynamic. You would be in a superior situation to expound on affection in its different appearances when you actually experience it. The definition article on affection would really convey your own perspective, which obviously would make composing the exposition extremely simple.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Macro ad/as model
Let us initially comprehend the segments of the AD/AS model, so we can decide and recognize the variables which have an impact in the degree of yield in the economy, and figure out how the administration mediates so as to execute large scale approaches so as to build yield, and the impacts of these strategies on the economy. The AD/AS model shows the blends of both the total interest bend and the total gracefully curve.The total interest bend shows the mixes of the value level and level of yield at which both the currency market and great market are in balance, while the total flexibly bend appears at each given cost level the mount of out of yield the organizations are happy to gracefully. As referenced in the tenth release of macroeconomics by Mc Grawhill ââ¬Å"the total gracefully - total interest model is the fundamental macroeconomic instrument for contemplating yield fluctuationsâ⬠(Pg. 98, Macroeconomics, Rudiger Dornbush).Let us initially comprehend the market balance c ost of the item and afterward distinguish and investigate how figures, for example, change request and gracefully, versatility, isolating and pooling balance, showcase structure decide the cost of a decent or administration. In free market, balance cost is the cost at which there is no excess or deficiency nd in this way amount requested equivalents amount provided (Sloman 2008). At balance, any adjustment in amount requested or amount provided will move the market towards disequilibrium Let's work through an example.For this model, allude to . Notice that we start at point A where short-run total flexibly bend 1 meets the since quite a while ago run total gracefully bend and total interest bend 1 . Where the short-run total gracefully bend and the total interest bend meet is consistently the short-run balance. Where the since quite a while ago run total gracefully urve and the total interest bend meet is consistently the since quite a while ago run harmony. Consequently, we are in since quite a while ago run balance to start. Presently state that the Fed seeks after expansionary fiscal policy.In this case, the total interest bend movements to one side from total interest bend 1 to total interest bend 2. The crossing point of short-run total flexibly bend 1 and total interest bend 2 has now moved to the upper right from guide A toward point B. At point B, both yield and the cost level have expanded. This is the new short-run harmony. Be that as it may, as we move to the since quite a while ago run, the normal value level comes into line with the ctual value level as firms, makers, and laborers change their expectations.When this happens, the short-run total gracefully bend moves along the total interest bend until the since quite a while ago run total flexibly bend, the short-run total gracefully bend, and the total interest bend all cross. This is spoken to by point C and is the new balance where short-run total flexibly bend 2 equivalents the since quite a w hile ago run total gracefully bend and total interest bend 2. Along these lines, expansionary strategy causes yield and the cost level to increment in the short run, however just the cost level to increment over the long haul
Monday, July 27, 2020
Art, Violins, and the Finer Things in Hong Kong
Art, Violins, and the Finer Things in Hong Kong They say a Hong Kong second is a New York minute. After spending the past two months here, I wholeheartedly agreeâ"so many days have gone by in a blur, and Iâm somehow halfway done with my semester abroad! In an effort to slow things down, I treated myself to a weekend of art and enjoyment. After I got out of class on Friday, I met up with some friends to go to an art studio that was hosting an âart jam.â For a small fee, we could hang out in the studio and paint whatever we wanted to, with all of the art supplies provided for us. I stared at the blank canvas in front of me for about ten minutes, deliberating what I should paint. I wanted to create something that would always remind me of my time in Hong Kong, and the first image that came to mind was of the traditional red-sail Chinese boats that I always see in Victoria Harbour: Iâm not a skilled painter by any means, so I just applied a series of random brushstrokes and hoped for the best. I got a bit lazy when it came to painting the city skyline in the background, so I ended up cutting building shapes from newspaper and gluing them on. My attempt at painting Me and my more artistically-inclined friends The next day, I went to a recital featuring Ray Chen, an internationally celebrated violinist. My friend Heidi is a huge fan of classical music and is a talented violinist herself, so it was really fun spending the evening with her. Iâve always enjoyed classical music while studying or relaxing, but I never knew it could be so exciting live. It was surreal getting to experience the show in Hong Kong, tooâ"I think it was the first time I was in a room full of people who were all completely still! It was nice to get out of my own head and appreciate beauty in different forms this weekendâ"it gave me a new sense of perspective, and Im ready to take on whatever the second half of this semester has in store! Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. Iâm from Los Altos, California.
Friday, May 22, 2020
The Philosophical Approach On Society s Truths And...
In literature, there are many different ways that a reader is able to view how a book relates to the society. There are also many different approaches that allow individuals to view how literature corresponds to the natural world. Philosophical approaches allows readers to see how the views of the book relate to the views of societyââ¬â¢s truths and principles. It presents readers with many different interpretations on how individuals views the natural world. The philosophical approach brings up many questions about concerns within humanity and how individuals are able to view the world. This approach is able to show both the negative and positive effects that the book is able to have on an individualââ¬â¢s thoughts and actions in daily life. It brings up many fundamental questions and offers many opinions on how the world works around the actions of society. This approach utilizes the wisdom of others around the world to come up with solutions to problems. It affects every rea der in a different way as they relate it to their personal lives. The philosophical approach is able to help readers understand the meaning and truth of various books.The book called Zeitoun, by Dave Eggers, is a piece of literature that illustrates numerous effects that a book can have on a reader. In the book, the protagonist, Abdulrahman Zeitoun, stays in the city of New Orleans during the Hurricane Katrina in 2005 while his family flees the city. Afterwards, the protagonist goes through many events inShow MoreRelatedRacial Equality, Women s Rights, And Feminism1392 Words à |à 6 Pages In the past one hundred years, society s views have altered significantly on racial equality, womenââ¬â¢s rights, and feminism. These are due to advances in education, enlightenment, scientific exploration, and constant ideological shifts. When examining the constant shift in thought on the subjects of racial equality, womenââ¬â¢s rights, and feminism we must considered if the enlighten ed thinkers remain philosophical/ scientific in their approaches or do they derail from philosophy/ science into ideologyRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The Society Of Professional Journalists1054 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists is organized around fourth principles: to seek the truth and report it; to minimize harm; to act independently, and to be accountable. Each of them considers a list of normative guidelines to orient the ethical decision-making process within a newsroom. In any case, the SPSââ¬â¢ orientations are framed by a utilitarian approach to ethics: Due to the voluntary character of the code, the Code attempts to advising more than requiring and, inRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Socrates1663 Words à |à 7 Pagesthoroughly educated, he developed both physical and mental strengths. Socrates spent time with the philosopher Archelaus, where he studied astronomy, mathematics, and was introduced to philosophy. Arc helaus taught with a scientific approach. Socrates turned from this approach and created his own. He decided instead of trying to understand the universe, he would try to understand himself. Socrates spent many days in the Athens marketplace where he became skilled in the art of arguing. He was a man withRead MoreQualitative Research On Scientific Merit Essay1694 Words à |à 7 PagesQualitative: Scientific Merit Consequently, qualitative research approach emerges from the philosophical belief that truth is socially constructed and subjective to individual experiences associated with critical theory, constructivism, interpretatism, and naturalistic paradigms (Feilzer, 2010; Ponterotto, 2010; Ryan, Coughlan, Cronin, 2007; Scotland, 2012; Venkatesh, Brown, Bala, 2013; Vishnevsky Beanlands, 2004). Paradigms are the philosophical underpinning that guides qualitative research methodologyRead MoreClifford s Views On Religion1488 Words à |à 6 Pageshis view of religion, recognizing facts and the truth and how the choices we make in our lives effect us everyday are some of the more relatable ethics that we can apply in our daily lives and to give us some guidance in a life full of so many choices. As we know many people have a stance on religion just like WK Clifford who has a very strong view about religion, but some do not agree. William James for examples thinks that, Cliffordââ¬â¢s principles should be not to be applied to religious beliefsRead MoreEnlightenment Assessment : The Ideal Of Reason1270 Words à |à 6 Pagesprogress and the human mind gave way to pessimism. The paper will assess the rationality of Enlightenment and its perception in the modern world. Since antiquity, the philosophers embraced the view that the mind was the authority responsible for the truth and the adequate knowledge of the world. Accordingly, the quality of reason was identified with the quality of cognitive tools, which were investigated by the logic and the doctrine of method. The practical application of the mind was seen in the factRead MoreEpistobabble Warfare1364 Words à |à 6 Pagesto establish his own perspective of what he actually believes marketing research should accomplish. This was stated in his thesis statement that: ââ¬Å"Rather than argue one particular perspective, it is this paperââ¬â¢s central thesis that no one philosophical perspective does or should have a monopoly on what makes a useful contribution to our understanding of marketing phenomena. ââ¬Å" Consequently, what Rod proposes is that rather than trying to establish an allegiance to any one particular philosophyRead MoreThe Basic Principle Of Inquiry1195 Words à |à 5 PagesHuman nature is to question. Whether they are minor or groundbreaking questions is irrelevant, but the basic principle of inquiry is what constructs the pillars of philosophical thought. As in all things, the beginnings of philosophy were somewhat elementary, but complexity has built as history advances. Philosophy is loosely organized into 2 fields, Western and Eastern. Western philosophy is associated with Ancient Greek, Roman, Western Europe, and later on, the Americasââ¬â¢ process of thought. BeingRead MoreThe And Criticisms Of Laswell s Work Essay1158 Words à |à 5 Pagesknown -Reference HAROLD DWIGHT LASWELL He ls an American political scientist and a Communications Theorist who was popular for his extensive research in the areas of Politics. He was also a leader in the applications of Psychology principles to Politics and also in designing a structure of Politics which is based on theories of Natural Sciences. He was born and raised in Donnellson, Illinois, to a Presbyterian clergyman father and a school teacher mother. As a result of his good schoolRead More Mackies Arguments Against Objective Values Essay1693 Words à |à 7 PagesMackie?s Arguments Against Objective Values J. L. Mackie makes his position explicit by opening his article The Subjectivity of Values with this terse statement: There are no objective values. Mackie had found recent dialogue in moral philosophy to be fraught with misunderstandings and conflations of various moral positions, so he felt it necessary to rigorously define his position as well as the boundaries of his concerns. Thus his article has two major parts: First, Mackie defines the nature
Saturday, May 9, 2020
Political Parties Are Essential For The Success And...
Political parties are fundamental to building democracy. These parties are organized by people with a wide range of policy preferences, who then recruit, and run slates of candidates for office. Political parties do this in an attempt to capture control of the National and State government(s). When a political party controls the government, they are then capable of legislating public, and foreign policy aligned with their partyââ¬â¢s ideology and preferences. An important way to look at the importance of political parties is to consider all the things they do. Countless decisions are made by political parties every day. Although they make poor decisions and choices sometimes, many issues are quite complex and lack clear answers. Indeed, there are still a myriad of benefits to having political parties in American government. Whether itââ¬â¢s simplifying voting, or promoting compromise and deliberation, political parties are instrumental to the success and longevity of the United States. A noticeable advantage of having political parties in America is that they simplify voting. Voting isnââ¬â¢t always easy to do in the first place. A myriad of reasons explain why people donââ¬â¢t vote. Whether itââ¬â¢s a lack of time to vote, the distant location of where one has to vote, the early date people need to register to vote in some states, or just a lack of interest in politics, countless people do not end up making it to the polls to vote on Election days. Political parties, in short, are effectiveShow MoreRelatedThe Second Wave Of Democracy1682 Words à |à 7 Pagesdemocratization. Nations were dependent upon the right leadership and institutions in order for the stability of democracy. Moving forward in the democratization process newly democratic nations needed to ensure that everyone had a stake in the democracy, political pacts were made, and that new institutions were created. Democracy can only survive in a country, such as the Republic of Unfulfilled Pot ential, that is a poor, rural, non-Protestant country with high levels of inequality if you overcome the obstaclesRead MoreThe Core Sparks Of The Syrian Civil War1423 Words à |à 6 Pagesargument because it is the biggest source for political issue. A 1973 amendment to the constitution, the Syrian constitution put complete power in the hands of the Arab Baââ¬â¢ath Socialist Party (now simply the Baââ¬â¢ath Party), essentially creating a single party state. The Baââ¬â¢ath party was given the status as ââ¬Å"leader of the state and societyâ⬠and soon they began indoctrinating the children at schools around the country, helping to ensure the partyââ¬â¢s longevity and establish legitimacy. In addition to indoctrinationRead MoreGlobalizations Effect on Labor Unions1670 Words à |à 7 PagesLabor unions once represented a significant portion of the entire United States labor force, peaking at around 35 percent in the 1950ââ¬â¢s (Vachon). However, this percentage ha s steadily declined over the decade and nowadays only 12% of the labor force is unionized (Vachon). In many obvious ways, globalization has complicated the labor movement by stratifying it into domestic and international spheres. Globalization, the rapid increases in the pace and accessibility of world markets, is a relativelyRead MoreThe And Its Impact On Society1707 Words à |à 7 Pagesboth the American and French Revolution. These revolution led people to recreate their government structures. As a result, governments that promised to protect the rights of its citizens were created in both France and the newly established United States of America. 4. According to Zakaria, the relationship between culture and democratic development is complex with no simple solution. Culture can have both positive and negative effects on development but there are far more influential factorsRead MorePorfirio Diaz s Impact On The Country s Material Prosperity And Pulled Mexico Out Of It s Declining State1733 Words à |à 7 PagesI argue that Porfirio Diaz made contributions towards his countryââ¬â¢s material prosperity and pulled Mexico out of itââ¬â¢s declining state. Porfirio Dà az is often remembered as a period of social degradation and oppression of freedoms in Mexico. His 35-year dictatorship brought about an immense amount of hardship for the lower classes and an unfair system of wealth distribution. The image of Porfirio Dà az as a ruthless tyrant is one almost everyone has of him post-revolutionary Mexico. However, with thatRead MoreGovernmental Influence on Trade4904 Words à |à 20 Pageson the free flow of trade â⬠¢ To understand the major means by which trade is restricted and regulated â⬠¢ To grasp the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies Chapter Overview A governmentââ¬â¢s political objectives are sometimes at odds with its economic proposals to improve a nationââ¬â¢s market efficiency and international competitiveness. Chapter Seven begins by discussing the reasons why and the ways in which governments intervene in the internationalRead MoreA Arranged Marriage1992 Words à |à 8 Pagesthrough an outside connection. As a result of modern social constructs and the methodology of traditional arranged marriages, they do not possess the marital requirements essential to succeed in the western culture. An arranged marriage can be defined as the union of two individuals to be married, brought together by a third party individual outside of the relationship. Throughout the course of history, arranged marriages have had a substantial role in shaping it, originally dating back centuriesRead MoreEmployees Are More Important Than Customers4475 Words à |à 18 PagesIntroduction: Regardless of oneââ¬â¢s background, it is difficult to prioritise between employees and customers in the services arena. Both parties prove vitally important in the business operations of a service provider; however this document strives to explore both ends of the debate, that is, the overarching importance of employees and customers. Significant research has been conducted regarding the nature of the two groups, which has aided this critical analysis of the notion that employees areRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Foodborne Illnesses2670 Words à |à 11 PagesApproximately 48 million food poisoning and foodborne illnesses occur every year in the United States (U.S.)(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013). More than 250 germs, parasites, viruses, and chemicals are known to cause foodborne illnesses in the U.S. each year (CDC, 2013). Common types of contaminations can include dirt, hair, insect fragments, and antibiotics. Foodborne illness can cause temporary sy mptoms such as abdominal cramps, nausea, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting (FoodSafetyRead More Endangered Species Legislation Essay2275 Words à |à 10 Pagesthe last several decades has been the protection of endangered species. Much has been done in the legal world to ensure the continued longevity of our planetââ¬â¢s diversity, including two major policies: CITES and the Endangered Species Act. Each of these policies has approached the welfare of endangered species in a different way, with varying degrees of success. Each strategy will be summarized and analyzed, beginning with the CITES treaty, as it was enacted before the Endangered Species Act.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Red Pada and Red Fox Free Essays
The Red Panda comes from the family of Ailuridae and its scientific name is Ailurus Fulgens. The Red Fox, whose scientific name is Vulpes Vulpes, is from the Canidae family. They are both mammals and are the same size. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Pada and Red Fox or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the Red Panda and the Red Fox share similarities and differences in their appearance, habitat, diet, behaviour, reproduction and status of population. First of all, the Red Panda and the Red Fox are quite similar but a little different in their appearance. Like the Red Fox, the Red Panda has four legs, two ears, a black nose and two eyes at the side of their heads.They also have a long bushy tails with which they keep themselves warm, like a cover, in winter. The Red Panda looks like a cat, while the Red Fox looks like a dog. The main colour of the fur of these two animals is red. The Red Panda has while fur on its cheeks, around its eyes, and has black fur from its neck to its feet. In contrast, the Red Fox has while fur from its neck to its stomach and has black fur on its ears. There are both similarities and difference in their habitat. The Red fox and the Red Panda can both be found in the forest.But the Red Panda lives in temperature bamboo forests in northeast Asia, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar and Eastern Himalaya mountain at 1500-4000m above sea level. While the Red Fox lives around the world in many kinds of environments such as forests, grasslands, mountains and deserts. Most of the Red Foxes are found in the United States , Canada, Asia and Europe. The Red Panda sleeps in trees, whereas the Red Fox sleeps in dens. The next similarities and differences of them are in their diet.Both the Red Panda and the Red Fox eat many kinds of food, such as fruit, insects, birdââ¬â¢s egg, small birds and rodents. The main food of the Red Panda is bamboo leaves and young bamboo, while the favourite food of the Red Fox is rodents. In terms of behaviour they are somewhat similar, but there are also some differences. They are both solitary animals, expect when they have a partner. The Red Panda is a excellent tree climbers. While the Red Fox hears very well and run with speed up to 48 km/h. Besides, the Red Fox like play with its prey before kill them.Finally, they are also similar but different in the way they reproduce. The Red Panda has a gestation period about 130 days, and its cub lives with it for one year. On the other hand, the Red Fox has a gestation period less than two months, and its cub leaves its mother after seven months. Both animals give babies although different gestation period. In conclusion, there are both similarities and differences between these two animals. They are share some similarities and differences in factor of them. The Red Panda is endangered species, while the Red Foxââ¬â¢s population are stable. How to cite Red Pada and Red Fox, Papers
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals Essay Example
Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals Paper One of the most pressing issues affecting the health sector is Medicare fraud. Based on the events that rocked the health community, which involved Columbia Health Hospitals, America has decided that it is high time to pay closer attention to one of the reasons why the Medicare is bleeding to death. This paper will try to look into the events that shaped the most controversial and biggest Medicare scandal that has awakened government to act before it is too late. To assist the readers, this paper will be divided into several parts: (a) Background of the paper where information about the case being examined will be provided. In addition, an introduction of the major issue(s) to be analyzed will also be presented; (b) Analysis Section will provide a detailed analysis of the situation(s) being examined and will outline recommendations for how the issue(s) could have been handled more effectively; finally, the (c) conclusion section where we will try to summarize the purpose of the project, the issue(s) examined and the major findings/conclusions/recommendations. II. Background For this particular paper, we will look into the kind of fraud that Columbia allegedly committed against Medicare and its members. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To do so, we will need to first define what fraud is and how it is particularly committed. More importantly, we will look into how Columbia/HCA Hospitals allegedly committed the fraud and how it ultimately affected the American public as well as the American government. One fateful day in July of 1997, a series of raid launched by the government against a particular hospital conglomerate shocked Americaââ¬â¢s health care system and brought into the nationââ¬â¢s attention one of the biggest scandal that involved Medicare benefits of Americans. https://healtheappointments.com/private-hospital-vs-public-hospitals-essays/ In a raid conducted by federal and state agents, the main target was Columbia/ HCA hospitals in Florida. At issue were allegations that Columbia had defrauded Medicare, the deferral health insurance for the elderly and the disabled. Medicare was created by Congress in 1965 as a means to provide health benefits to Americans over the age of 65 and for the seriously disabled. In the beginning, it was said that Medicare had no effective cost control and while it did help the people it was meant to help (i. e. the elderly and the disabled), it also cost Uncle Sam a lot of taxpayerââ¬â¢s money. In the beginning, hospitals were reimbursed on a cost plus basis meaning that Medicare paid for the cost of service plus a fee for administrative overhead. However, in 1983, Congress passed the first significant effort to curb the skyrocketing costs of Medicare. Congress adopted a payment system based on diagnostic related groups (DRGs). Under the DRG system, hospitals would be paid per admission with an amount determined by the diagnosis instead of per day or per service. This new system helped check increasing Medicare costs but it also hurt hospitals and made them bleed profusely ââ¬âat least on financial aspect. And while many hospitals saw this new change as a disadvantage, Columbia/HCA had another vision. They saw this new change as a way to increase their profits, albeit in a more fraudulent manner. In 1997, investigations were underway with regard to the alleged fraud practices employed by Columbia against Medicare. At issue in the investigation were several possibly fraudulent practices by Columbia/HCA and its managers. Among these were upcoding, cost shifting, unethical practices to pressure acquisition targets, and financial relationships with doctors. III. Analysis First things first: what is fraud and what act or acts constitutes fraud? When does one commit fraud? According to the definition of the Department of Health and Human Services, fraud is the intentional deception or misrepresentation that an individual knows to be false or does not believe to be true and makes, knowing that the deception could result in some unauthorized benefit to himself/herself or some other person. The most frequent kind of fraud arises from a false statement or misrepresentation made, or caused to be made, that is material to entitlement or payment under the Medicare program. The violator may a physician or other practitioner, a hospital or other institutional provider, a clinical laboratory or other supplier, an employee of any provider, a billing service, beneficiary, Medicare carrier employee or any person in a position to file a claim for Medicare benefits. Under the broad definition of fraud are other violations, including: the offering or acceptance of kickbacks, and the routine waiver of co-payments. According to the Find Law website, fraud schemes range from those perpetrated by individuals acting alone to broad-based activities by institutions or groups of individuals, sometimes employing sophisticated telemarketing and other promotional techniques to lure consumers into serving as the unwitting tools in the schemes. Seldom do perpetrators target only one insurer or either the public or private sector exclusively. Rather, most are found to be defrauding several private and public sector victims, such as Medicare, simultaneously. In Medicare, the most common forms of fraud include: Billing for services not furnished Misrepresenting the diagnosis to justify payment Soliciting, offering, or receiving a kickback Unbundling or exploding charges Falsifying certificates of medical necessity, plans of treatment, and medical records to justify payment Billing for a service not furnished as billed; i. e. , upcoding (Find Law, 1998) Now that we have an idea of what constitutes fraud, particularly the kind that can be committed against Medicare, we can now look more closely into the case that involved Columbia/HCA hospitals. Unlike many hospitals, Columbia/ HCA hospitals were obviously managed by a profit-oriented leader who put more emphasis on the money-yielding power of health care instead of the healing and caring aspect of the business. One key element that could have fostered the fraudulent behavior of the Columbia/HCA management is the companyââ¬â¢s strategy of doctor ownership. Doctors were given the opportunity to become shareholders in the company ââ¬âthus giving motivations to physicians to refer patients to its hospitals instead of its competitors. Moreover, as shareholders of the hospital, doctors had more incentives to hold down costs or to comply with managerial directives. It is, thus, not surprising to see how fraud could happen in such an environment. If doctors and hospitals are in it for the money, then there is no limit as to what they can do to get more financially. Just looking at the company vision or strategy of Columbia/HCA hospitals, we will see that ethics is clearly absent in the vision of management. Instead of aiming to provide quality health care to its patients, the doctors and management of Columbia/HCA are more interested in gaining more profit for the hospital and the corporation instead of giving excellent health care. While this may not be a bad gesture in the over all scheme of things, it still says a lot about the ethics of Columbia management. It would seem that the managers and doctors have lost the essence of their profession. Let me qualify that there is nothing evil in wanting to work for money. What constitutes evil is applying fraudulent means to get more profit. Now that we have an idea of what the problem is and where it lies, one recommendation that can be forwarded is the strengthening of ethics and values formation in the medical community. Doctors as well as everyone involved in the medical profession should understand that medicine is a calling, a vocation where money should come secondary to quality health care. Second recommendation would be to pressure government into providing stricter procedure for health care, particularly for Medicare. As noted by the Concord Coalition website, wherever medical guidelines are hazy and judgment calls are required, it tries to ration claims through arbitrary rules, creating a feast-or-famine reimbursement policy. It imposes huge compliance costs and produces capricious results. Worst of all, despite the estimated 45,000 pages of regulations, the system careens toward bankruptcy as costs keep rising. (Concord Coalition, 1997) More importantly, it is important to set harsher penalties for Medicare fraud cases. This is to ensure that hospitals like Columbia/HCA will learn from their mistakes and will serve as an example to all. Penalties must send the message that fraudulent acts will not go punished and will be dealt with severely by the government. IV. Conclusion It goes without saying that the controversy surrounding Medicare, Columbia/HCA, and the health system in general is a disease that needs immediate diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to heighten awareness of the problem affecting our health care industry with the ultimate goal of finding the perfect solution to the problem. Needless to say, Medicare fraud hurts not just the beneficiaries or the members but the taxpayers in general. In other words, it affects all Americans. The raids that took place in the hospitals of Columbia/HCA should serve as a reminder that criminal acts will, sooner or later, be revealed and perpetrators will be brought to justice. In addition, we have learned from the case presented to us, that there is still need for improvement in terms of implementing the Medicare system. More importantly, we have seen that ethics plays a huge part in the Medicare scandal. It would seem that the management behind Columbia/HCA has forgotten the real reason behind their organization. It is the belief of this author that a strengthening of ethics formation in the medical community will help in changing the tides of Medicare fraud. References: Find Law, 1998: Medicare Definition of Fraud [online] Available at: http://library. findlaw. com/1998/Feb/19/131383. html [cited on: June 14, 2006] Kansas Medicare, 2006: Medicare Fraud [online] Available at: http://www. kansasmedicare. com/policy/fraud. htm [cited on: June 14, 2006] Medicare, 2005: Medicare Fraud [online] Available at: http://www. medicare. gov/FraudAbuse/Overview. asp [cited on: June 14, 2006] Mutual Medicare, 2006: Help Reduce the Impact of Medicare Fraud [online] Available at: http://www. mutualmedicare. com/fraud/ [cited on: June 14, 2006] Senior Health, 2006: Medicare Fraud and Abuse Detection and Prevention Tips [online] Available at: http://seniorhealth. about. com/library/medicare/blfraud. htm? once=true [cited on: June 14, 2006] The Concord Coalition, 1997: Medicare Fraud: A Symptom, Not the Disease [online] Available at: http://www. concordcoalition. org/facing-facts/ff_fax42. html [cited on: June 14, 2006] The Qui Tam Online Network, 2006: Common Types of Qui Tam Fraud [online] Available at: http://www. quitamonline. com/fraud. html [cited on: June 14, 2006] United Government Services, 2006: Fraud and Abuse [online] Available at: http://www. ugsmedicare. com/about_ugs/fraud_abuse. asp [cited on: June 14, 2006]
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